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SENIOR GARDA CRITICISES PSNI/RUC ON COLLUSION DATA !
” We weren’t given half a chance to respond “.
A SENIOR of critticised the PSNI/RUC‘s handling of intelligence about alleged collusion between gardai and the IRA. Detective Chief SSuperintendent Peter Kirwan said his force was not given a ” half chance ” to respond to claims made to the Smithwick tribunal despite usually having a seamless relationship with the PSNI/RUC and British security services.
A summary of intelligence which highlighted alleged collusion was given to the tribunal by PSNI/RUC assistant chief constable Drew Harris and made public in October. Mr Kirwan, heado of the security section of crime and security at Garda headquarters, said : ” We have no issue with the sharing of information on the workings of the relationship between PSNI and the British security services with the tribunal. ” The issue araises when the sharing with others directly impacts on the Garda organisation and we’re not given even a half chance of interpreting what it means.” Mr Kirwan said gardai had only been given the intelligence in a brief summary, as had the tribunal, and had not been given access to more detailed information to meaningfully investigate or act on.
Mr Justice Peter Smithwick is investigating whether gardai colluded with IRA units on the murders of RUC chief superintendent Harry Breen and superintendent Bob Buchanan – two of the most senior officers killed in the Troubles. They were shot dead in an ambush after leaving a meeting at Dundalk Garda Station on March 20 1989. Solicitors for their families urged Garda Commissioner Martin Callinan to investigate Mr Kirwan’s claims. ” It is very regrattable indeed to hear such a senior Garda officer complain that the wide-ranging and significant recent intelligence has not been properly shared by the PSNI and British security services and cannot be meaningfully investigiated without normal sharing arrangements being followed,” John McBurney and Erinie Waterworth said in a statement. ” Clearly this needs very urgent attention with a view to seeing all aspects fully and thoroughly investigated by the commissioner.” The 12 strands of live intelligence in the summary previously given to the tribunal were deemed reliable and accurate by Mr Harris, who denied the PSNI/RUC had “sat on” the information and withheld it from gardai.
It claimed gardai passed on information leading to the Provisionals ‘ murder of Lord Justice Gibson and his wife in 1987 and that a senior IRA member had gardai passing information to him. Mary Laverty, senior counsel for the tribunal, asked Mr Kirwan whether he beleived Mr Harris’s “hands are tied” as he had moved from his custom of sharing all information with gardai. He replied : “I can’t see that.” He said he has the greatest respect for Mr Harris. Ms Laverty also asked how computor hard drives were destroyed hours before hundreads of gardai, PSNI and customs officers raided a fuel-laundering plant along the border in recent weeks. “Somewhere along the way somebody had passed on information because of the number of people involved,” she said. “I do not want to comment too specifically on that,” Mr Kirwan replied. “Generally speaking, over the years, I can think of several examples where a large force of gardai are descending on a rural part of Ireland. “It’s very hard to camouflage that.”
With many thanks to : Sarah Stack, Irish News.
Related articles
- Families of murdered Garda officers call for inquiry (irishtimes.com)
- Ruc Murders: Garda Criticises Psni Over Intelligence Flow (belfastdaily.co.uk)
- Top garda criticises handling of collusion allegations (belfasttelegraph.co.uk)
- Families of murdered officers call for Garda inquiry (irishtimes.com)
- Kirwan in collusion data criticism (belfasttelegraph.co.uk)
- Garda responds to intelligence claims of IRA collusion (irishtimes.com)
SHOT GIRLS FAMILY DESERVE THE TRUTH !!!
PRO FIDE ET PATRA
THERE HAS Been much discussion in recent weeks about how society veiwed serious crimes back in the 1970′s and the role of those who were in authority.
Comparisons have been drawn between the Child-abuse scandal in the catholic church and the actions of paraamiltary organisations which killed and maimed childern or deprived them of a parent through the use of violence. While some have argued that the 1970′s wer a time when society was changing and accepted practices and views were being challenged, it was also true that important issues were handled in a way which would be utterly unthinkable today.
Evidence of this has come from the family of 13- year – old Martha Ann Campbell, shot dead as she walked to a friends house in Ballymurphy, West Belfast, on May 14th 1972. Gunfire came from the direction of Moyard flats and the schoolgirl was hit by a stray bullet. She was taken to the Royal Victoria Hospital where she was declared dead on arrival.This young girl was one of the 496 People to die during 1972, the bloodest year of the the Troubles.
Given the turmoil om the streets, with hardly a day passing without news of another death and bombings and shootings a frequent occurrence, it is not surprising that the legal aythorities struggled to cope. However, even during those dark times it was reasomable to expect that the murder of an innocent child would merit some form of a Police probe, with an effort made to take statements, talk to witnesses or collect intelegence reports and forensic evidence.Yet again the indications are that when the Historical Enquiries Team looked into Marthas death/murder there was no information on the case it beggers beleif what the then RUC were at.
Even 40 years on it seems increadible that no RUC investigation was carried out into the shooting of a child on a Belfast street. The HET has tried to uncover details about this murder and they did not find out one new piece of information. However, investigators have been left with little to go on and without fresh informationthey are unable to make further progress. The Campbell Family are desperate to find out the full circumstances of Martha’s death.
Her Mother, Betty Campbell, is now 86-years-old and says, with considerable justification, that Martha is a forgotten victim of the Troubles.Four decades have passed since her daughter was murdered but this mother has carried the pain of her loss every single day.
Martha Campbell will be remembered during a service, Procession and plaque unveiling on Monday( Today) 14th May. Mrs Campbell said that finding out what happened to her daughter would be like & I quote ” winning the lottery”. This Mother deserves to know the full circumstances of her daughters death. It is not to late for anyone who knows knows somthing that can provide even the smallest amount of information or insight must come forward and ease this familys anguish and pain.
WITH MANY THANKS TO : IRISH NEWS.
Now the next extract is just a little bit from myself and also a few story’s that I have come across in recent days that I also believe are quite relevant to the above case so read on & sure you can let me know if you agree with me or not thank you for listening.SOMEONE OUT THERE MUST KNOW SOMETHING & I WOULD URGE THEM FROM THE BOTTOM OF MY HEART TO ALLOW THIS OLD LADY THE DIGNITY & RESPECT SHE DESERVES IN HER OLD AGE. PLEASE IF YOU KNOW ANYTHING AT ALL HOW LITTLE SMALL PLEASE COME FORWARD.
Now this is part of a story I came across most recently the person speaking go’s by the name of wither true or not I cannot say but the debate was started over the following drawing !
FROM Richard McHarg: 
IRELAND is aalways an emotive subject, particularly in Scotland. Looking at things from a British veiwpoint, it would be easy to assign the label of ” TERRORIST ” to the PIRA and IN LA.
At the time i was there , I did. Looking back at it from a Nationalist Irish perspective, these people represented centuries of frustration and fear. Britain, as well as the Unionist Community in N. Ireland, have treated them badly, and it could be said that the English and British State Forces employed terrorism to crush Irish resistance, historically treating the Irish as subhuman, simply because they were largely catholic. I won’t condone the killings of non-combatants but the Police and the army were legitimate targets, and in many ways, Political assassinations have always been a method of advancing both Political and military aims. I knew the risks as a British solider, and so did the guys in the PI RA and the IN LA . I saw the way the RUC occasionally treated people in the catholic communities and i was ashamed as a British solider over there providing fire-support for what was, unprovoked, aggression, masquerading as an interview”. I did wonder if i was supporting a national Police force or a protestant police force the then RUC. I’m also aware that many on the Nationalist side used criminal activities to their own gain and end. I was also involved in a number of pursuits as a consequence, It is not black & white by any means. People who feel oppressed will fight back, and it isn’t pretty by any means ! but for the record, my family are Presbyterian’s.
ANSWER: From Anthony Waldron.
Sub-human because they were Irish not because they were catholic the English treated them like that when the English first came to Ireland back in the 1170′s ( The English themselves were also catholic at that point in history) the Irish were seen as savages & barbarians.
ANSWER: Richard McHarg
That is true Anthony, just as our own Gael’ s were in Scotland.
ANSWER: Margaret J F Macjsaac
I think that is were the deeper understanding comes from, we are Gael’s and therefore a threat so therefore to be extinguished. So to fight back is terrorism…. but that is depending what side you are on and who is doing the recording of
History….( CoS Family)….
Conversation ends.
TODAY MARKS THE 40TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE MURDER OF LEGENDARY FREEDOM FIGHTER JOE MCCANN
In another incident McCann led a unit which captured 3 UVF members in Sandy Row. The UVF had raided an OIRA arms dump earlier that day and the OIRA announced they would execute the three prisoners if the weapons were not returned. McCann eventually released the three UVF members because they were “working class men like yourself”.
His most famous act came on 9 August 1971 when his unit took over the Inglis bakery in the Markets area and fortified it after the introduction of internment without trial by the Northern Ireland authorities. They defended it throughout the night from an incursion by 600 British soldiers, looking to arrest suspects. The action allowed other IRA members to slip out of the area and avoid arrest. He was photographed during the incident, holding an M1 carbine, against the background of a burning building and the Starry Plough flag; one of the most striking early images of The Troubles.
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Explosive Troubles interviews set to surface?
Among the documents are the details of what happened during the decommissioning process.
The British and Irish governments agreed that Boston College, with its enduring interest in Northern Ireland, would be a suitable and safe long-term repository for the controversial papers.
Also held there are a series of candid, confessional interviews with former loyalist and republican paramilitaries, in which they chronicle their involvement in the Troubles, and name names.
The ‘Belfast Project’, was designed to become an oral history of the Troubles, directed by the writer and journalist Ed Moloney, with the interviews carried out by two researchers.
Loyalists were recorded by Wilson McArthur, republicans by the former IRA prisoner Dr Anthony McIntyre, who has since become a writer and academic.
The deal was this: The former terrorists would tell their stories in secret, on the understanding that the recordings and transcripts would only be made public after their deaths.
Their testimonies, according to Boston College, would serve as a historic tool from which the mistakes of the past could be better understood.
Two of those interviewed, David Ervine of the Progressive Unionist Party, and the former IRA Commander Brendan Hughes have since died.
Their stories formed the backbone of a book by the project director, Ed Moloney, and of a television documentary.
In those Hughes made some frank admissions.
He said that he had organised ‘Bloody Friday’, the day on which the IRA detonated over 19 car bombs in Belfast in the space of an hour.
Nine people were killed, 130 were injured. Images of police officers shovelling the mutilated bodies of the victims into bags are some of the most enduring of the Troubles.
Hughes also spoke of his once close friend, the Sinn Fein leader Gerry Adams.
Hughes named him as overall commander of the IRA’s Belfast brigade.
He also claimed that Mr Adams had controlled his own squad within the IRA, known by the organisation as “the unknowns”.
This, according to Hughes, was the group responsible for the ‘Disappeared’, those who were kidnapped, murdered and secretly buried by the IRA.
Mr Adams has strenuously denied the claims, and has pointed out that he and Brendan Hughes came to differ on the route Sinn Fein was taking.
In the latter years of his life Hughes had become an ardent critic of his former friend.
However, another former IRA member later gave an interview to a newspaper journalist, in which she admitted that she had also taken part in the ‘Belfast Project’.
Dolours Price had been one of the IRA gang that blew up the Old Bailey in 1973.
In that interview, she allegedly claimed to have been the person who drove one of the Disappeared to her death in 1972.
Jean McConville was a west Belfast-based mother of 10, who had been accused by the IRA of passing information to the British.
Her remains were found buried on a beach in the Irish Republic, 30 years after she went missing.
The Police Service of Northern Ireland says that it has re-opened the inquiry into Mrs McConville’s murder, and on that basis is seeking the transcripts of the interview Dolours Price apparently gave to Anthony McIntyre and Boston College.
Initial court decisions in the United States have accepted the PSNI’s interest as legitimate, and the tapes of the Price interview and seven others deemed pertinent to an investigation into the disappeared are now in the hands of the US federal court.
On Wednesday, Dr McIntyre and Ed Moloney will make their final arguments to three appeal judges in a bid to have those interviews withheld from the police.
They say that it breaches the agreement struck with the interviewees, that it is a violation of their right to protect their sources, and that any hand-over of the material will place them in danger of attack by republicans.
Boston College is also appealing the decision to hand over the tapes, but separately.
The college says that it has no grounds to protect the anonymity of Dolours Price, given that she effectively ‘outed’ herself in the newspaper interview.
In June, Boston College will however try to stop the handover of seven other IRA interviews, querying their value to any investigation into the disappeared.
All of this has led to a bitter dispute between the researchers on the project, and the college, both of whom accuse the other of bad faith.
Boston College says that it agreed to protect the interviewees as far as the law would allow, and that Dolours Price exhausted their ability to do so by her admissions.
Ed Moloney and Anthony McIntyre feel that Boston College folded without a fight, and that they have been let down by their former employers.
For his part Mr Adams insists he has nothing to fear from any disclosure, and denies all of the accusations levelled at him.
WITH MANY THANKS TO : Andy Martin BBC News.
Related Stories
- US college defends IRA tapes role 24 JANUARY 2012, NORTHERN IRELAND
- Adams no fears about Boston tapes 22 JANUARY 2012, NORTHERN IRELAND
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- How a noble exercise became a political act (seachranaidhe1.wordpress.com)
- Create a PageBoston College Subpoena News (seachranaidhe1.wordpress.com)
- Former IRA member ‘fears for life’ over history project (guardian.co.uk)
- Boston College fights release of secret IRA tapes (seattletimes.nwsource.com)
- ” Peace Process” in Peril Over Brendan Hughes/dolours Price Tapes ! (seachranaidhe1.wordpress.com)
Single victims’ commissioner sought
There had been four commissioners but Mike Nesbitt resigned to pursue a career in politics with the Ulster Unionist party.
The three outgoing commissioners will be free to apply for the new position.
The newspaper advert calls for applications to the post of commissioner/commissioners.
A senior Stormont source said that while there was the potential for appointing two commissioners, the preference was for one. “The intention is to appoint a single commissioner,” said the source. “But we are trying to retain some degree of flexibility.”
WITH MANY THANKS TO : THE BELFAST TELEGRAPH.
Also in this section
Pursuit of terrorists is ‘like a tiger hunt’, said British general
Gaeilge: Bearaic Constáblacht Ríoga Uladh (RUC), Crois Mhic Lionnáin, Contae Ard Mhacha. English: Police station of Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) in Crossmaglen, County Armagh, Northern Ireland. Suomi: Royal Ulster Constabularyn (RUC) poliisiasema Crossmaglenissa Armagh'n kreivikunnassa Pohjois-Irlannissa. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Army commander’s choice of words at a sensitive time provoked protest from his colleagues
The campaign against terrorists was described as “like a tiger hunt” by Britain’s top military officer in Northern Ireland at the height of the Troubles.
Lieutenant General Sir John Waters urged Army commanders in the province in June 1989 to view terrorists like the quarry in “an old-fashioned tiger hunt”. His directive declared that police and army units should work together like beaters and experienced hunters to drive targets “on to the guns”.
His words, at a time when the British military were accused of operating a shoot-to-kill policy, provoked protests from his colleagues. Major General Charles Guthrie, now a peer, complained that “the references in the letter to tiger hunting and killing are ill-advised”.
Full details of the document, which became known as the “Tiger in the Jungle” paper, emerged amid renewed criticism of the Army’s role during the Troubles, as SAS officers faced questioning over the deaths of two IRA men in Loughgall in 1990. However, the special forces officer in charge of the operation that ended with the deaths of Martin McCaughey and Dessie Grew said his men opened fire only if life was endangered.
Lt-Gen Waters, who was General Officer Commanding the British Army in Northern Ireland from 1988 to 1990, sent all his commanders a “concept of operations” paper detailing what was expected from them during their time in Ulster. The paper dealt with the issue of “police primacy” – which had become a bone of contention between the security forces at the time – stating that “wherever possible, the maintenance of public order and anti-terrorism are conducted by the police”.
But the seventh of his 17 points caused consternation among his superiors. “The way that the standard units and the specialist units should work together to get success can be compared with an old-fashioned tiger hunt,” Lt-Gen Waters declared in the document, released by the Ministry of Defence under Freedom of Information legislation. “The most experienced hunters are placed in what is judged to be the very best position from which to get a shot.
“The beaters surround the area of the jungle where the tigers are expected to be and drive them on to the guns. Beating requires great skill and coordination to prevent the tigers breaking out of the cordon, or killing some of the beaters.
“Frequently the tigers break back, make a mistake, and expose themselves to the beaters. This is the opportunity for the beaters, who also carry guns, to get a tiger.”
Maj-Gen Guthrie asked his colleague to moderate his language. He wrote, in August 1989: “My main worry is that, whatever caveats are attached to the documents, their contents will leak out in a way which will cause embarrassment to you, the Army Department and Ministers. Bitter experience suggests that such quotable phrases become so widely discussed that they are almost bound to reach unauthorised ears sooner or later.”
The Labour MP Paul Flynn said: “I am all in favour of letting sleeping dogs lie, but this type of leadership is much worse than I had ever expected.”
The Tory MP Patrick Mercer, who served briefly under Waters in Northern Ireland, said his senior was handling the row over the relationship between police and military units.
He said: “It’s worth remembering that he wrote this at the height of the disease of political correctness. At that time, military operations would be put off because the police decided that killing terrorists would likely cause more trouble than it solved.”
Loughinisland victims’ families begin legal challenge to police report
Barney Green, at 87, became the oldest victim of the Northern Ireland Troubles when he was shot dead in Loughinisland in 1994. Photograph: Pacemaker Press
Relatives of those who died in atrocity seek to overturn finding that there was no evidence of collusion between police and UVF
Families of victims gunned down in a bar by loyalists while watching Ireland beat Italy in the 1994 World Cup have started legal action to overturn a police ombudsman report into the massacre.
The relatives of those shot dead in the Loughinisland atrocity are challenging the report’s conclusions that there was no evidence of collusion between the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) gang responsible and the police.
Lawyers and families of the dead believe the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) investigation was compromised because a number of those directly involved in the shooting were police informers. However, before being able to challenge the report, they are contesting a decision to refuse legal aid.
A judge has granted permission to seek a judicial review of the funding denial, after no opposition was raised at this stage. A full hearing on that preliminary issue will take place in June and the challenge to the ombudsman’s report is expected to follow this summer.
Six Catholic men were shot dead when the UVF sprayed the Heights bar in Loughinisland, County Down, with gunfire on 18 June 1994 – the night the Republic of Ireland played Italy in New York.
Among those who died in the attack was Barney Green, who at 87 was the oldest victim of the Northern Ireland Troubles. Five other men were seriously wounded.
No one has been convicted of the murders, although 16 people have been arrested in connection with the attack.
In June last year, the outgoing police ombudsman for Northern Ireland, Al Hutchinson, found there was not enough evidence of collusion between police and the loyalist gang, although he did identify failings in the investigation, criticising it for a lack of diligence, focus and leadership.
The legal challenge into his report will focus on a Criminal Justice Inspectorate review of Troubles-related investigations
WITH MANY THANKS TO : View this story on the Guardian
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Row over call for Troubles amnesty
Presseye.com 5th November 2007 Picture Jonathan Porter. Nuala O’Loan spends her last day in office as the Police Ombudsman and is to be succeeded by Al Hutchinson
THOSE who carried out some of the worst atrocities of the Troubles are already being given an “unofficial amnesty”, it has been claimed.
The comments were made by a victim’s relative in response to an interview by the Police Ombudsman Al Hutchinson who said it would be impossible to properly investigate all the murders of the past.
Mr Hutchinson said an amnesty should be considered to deal with the past, but stressed that victims should make the decisions on individual cases.
Speaking to the News Letter last night Victims’ Commissioner, Brendan McAllister, said the idea of an amnesty would be “repugnant to the majority of victims”.
Mr Hutchinson said in an earlier radio interview: “I think the key here is that the victim would have a say whether or not they might consider amnesty and that would be a conditional amnesty.
“We’ve had amnesty by many other names, when you look at the two-year release in the peace agreement, you look at the inquiries that are ongoing.
“So it’s not as if it’s a new concept either locally or internationally.
“I take the pragmatic approach; it simply would be impossible probably to investigate to a criminal standard all murders,” he told the Sunday Sequence programme on BBC Radio Ulster yesterday morning.
Mark Eakin whose eight-year-old sister Kathryn was killed in the Claudy bombings in 1972, claimed that an amnesty was already in effect.
No paramilitary group has ever claimed responsibility for the attack in the Co Londonderry village, and no one has been convicted of it.
“I don’t think anyone would be too shocked by talk of an amnesty for those who carried out murders during the Troubles, as far as I can see there is already an amnesty of sorts,” he said.
In 2010, a Police Ombudsman report into Claudy found that a prime suspect – Fr James Chesney – had not been questioned by detectives.
“Personally, we {Claudy victims] are not even close to the stage of an amnesty. The IRA has never admitted the Claudy bombings, so any talk about an amnesty is down the line a bit.
“There are people walking about who have a lot to answer for – on both sides – if they don’t answer for it now, they will have to in the next life.
“It would not suit anyone especially the politicians for all the truth to come out, and that is why I don’t believe we ever get the truth. To be honest I am getting fed up – there is no proper structure in place to sort this all out, and there is a lack of will to sort it out,” he added.
Northern Ireland Victim’s Commissioner Brendan McAllister said the concept of any amnesty would be rejected by the majority of victims and relatives.
“I will have to listen to what Al Hutchinson has said in relation to an amnesty and what he means by conditional amnesty.
“But the Commission has already placed on record its position on amnesty and that is that it would be repugnant to the majority of victims.
“An amnesty would in effect be a denial of justice. We have already rejected the idea of an amnesty.”
Willie Frazer, who heads the FAIR victim’s group in south Armagh expressed his anger with the comments from the Ombudsman.
“Any sort of amnesty would be totally unacceptable,” he said.
“I have spoken to hundreds of victims and families and the last thing they would accept is an amnesty.
“To give an amnesty to those who carried out IRA murders, would be to give them further reason to glorify and justify their campaign of murder and terror.”
Mr Frazer claimed 98 per cent of IRA murders in south Armagh remain unsolved.
“An amnesty would end any hope of justice for the families,” he added.
With Many Thanks To : News Letter
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RUC and IRA chiefs’ lives feature in national biography
Sir John Hermon was in charge during one of the most turbulent periods of the Troubles
The lives of a former RUC chief constable and a senior IRA commander feature in a new edition of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
Sir John Hermon was chief constable of the RUC during one of the most turbulent periods of the Troubles.
He was in charge during the 1981 republican hunger strikes and the probes into shoot-to-kill allegations.
Brian Keenan ran the IRA’s 1970s English bombing campaign.
He was once called “the biggest single threat to the British state”.
Sir John Hermon died in November 2008.
He was in charge when the RUC suffered its biggest single loss of the Troubles, when nine officers were murdered in an IRA mortar attack on Newry police station in 1985.
He remained a target for republicans long after leaving office. He had suffered from Alzheimer’s Disease and a year before his death, he had to be moved from a nursing home because of a threat.
The authors of the new Oxford dictionary said his overriding aim from 1980 was to continue the policy of “Ulsterisation”, expanding the RUC’s capability and acceptability to enable the British army to leave the streets.
“In the mid-1980s Hermon clashed fiercely with John Stalker who led an enquiry into an alleged ‘shoot-to-kill’ policy.
“Stalker believed Hermon held the line by ‘clumsy autocracy’ and resented outside interference. Hermon believed that conventional policing standards, as represented by Stalker, were wholly inappropriate in the circumstances then prevailing in Northern Ireland.”
Former IRA commander Keenan was among those arrested and imprisoned following the Divis Street riots in 1964.
Brian Keenan played a pivotal role in the peace processFour years later he joined the IRA, later identifying his principal motivation as the civil rights movement.
In 1980, he was sentenced to 18 years in prison for conspiracy to cause explosions, but re-joined the IRA army council following his release in the early 1990s.
Though he authorized the 1996 Docklands bombing in London, in July of the following year he supported the calling of a second ceasefire. He was involved in decommissioning talks and took part in weapons talks with Canadian General John de Chastelain, head of the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning
Sinn Fein leader Gerry Adams said Keenan was pivotal in republican moves that made the peace process possible.
“He was central to securing the support of the IRA leadership and rank and file for a whole series of historic initiatives,” Mr Adams said at his funeral in May 2008.
The Dublin-born diplomat, academic, journalist and politician Conor Cruise O’Brien and the judge Sir Basil Kelly also feature.
Sir Basil conducted a number of celebrated trials, but one of the most taxing was an important supergrass case in 1983, in which almost 40 defendants were charged with terrorist offences. The atmosphere in court was tense and hostile and he was guarded by armed police officers and wore a flak jacket under his robes.
The Oxford DNB is extended in three annual updates published every January, May, and September.
Published – By Nuala McCann BBC News- many thanks.
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